岁月反驳
发表于 2022-11-25 16:26:08
总是一不小心就把人际关系搞砸,还有救吗?
<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">用直觉处理人际关系可靠吗?</span></h1><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">心理学家将心理系统分成两类,一种是用来进行理性思考和社会判断的思维系统,称为<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">“意识系统”</span>;另一种则是与情绪、本能和直觉相关的思维和情感系统,称为<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">“自动驾驶系统”</span>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">简单来讲,意识系统是我们大脑进行思考的那部分,而自动驾驶系统则是受情绪和直觉控制的那部分。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">进化心理学认为,自动驾驶系统是进化保留下来的产物。在原始自然环境中,人类祖先往往需要做出即时的、本能的反应来维持生存——比如,当看见狮子时,人类祖先没有时间思考应该干什么,而是首先进行躲避。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这种躲避便是一种直觉反应,是自动驾驶系统通过大量的生活经验总结出的规律,让我们在面对危急情况时能够迅速果断地做出回应,有利于我们从自然环境中存活下来。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">但在现代复杂的社会情境中,直觉很可能不再有用,仓促做出的判断很有可能是错误的。这种由自动驾驶系统带来的错误便是认知偏差。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">认知偏差</span>是指系统性的、可预测的判断偏误,这种偏误往往是由非理性的情绪和直觉造成的。也就是说,我们会更倾向于关注环境中引发情绪的那部分内容,而忽视了大量的其他有用信息,从而导致判断错误。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">而这些认知偏差可以大概分为两方面——我们错误地看待了自己,以及错误地看待了别人。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">小心,前方陷阱!</span></h1><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">错误看待自己</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">假设现在有一个小组作业,要求写明小组成员的贡献百分比。如果让小组中的每个人都匿名向所有成员分配贡献率,最终计算出每个人的平均值,你觉得这个打分方式好吗?</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">研究结果发现,如果按照这样的方式打分,大部分成员都不会满意——因为我们自己认为贡献的工作量通常会比最终结果呈现的贡献率高。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这便是一种<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">“自我中心偏差”</span>,是指在集体中人们通常会倾向于将更多的荣誉归于自己,而在评价他人时,人们会更保守、更趋于平均。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">——这是因为,当我们没有经历一件事时,往往会忽略或者低估完成这件事所需要付出的努力。因此,我们只能看到自己做了很多,却不知道可能别人付出的更多。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">此外,人们还会高估自己的积极品质,而忽视消极品质,这是一种被行为科学家称为<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">“虚幻优越感”</span>(illusory superiority)的认知偏差。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">比如,当我们和他人出现观点分歧时,我们会倾向于认为自己的判断更“正确”,并会试图说服对方,甚至与其展开激烈辩(骂)论(战)。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">而在激烈辩论的过程中,我们很难意识到自己的偏见,甚至会“故意”忽视与自己观点不一样的证据——这便是自动驾驶系统在起作用。受情绪调节,它会帮我们忽略掉与自己观点相悖的、让我们不舒服的信息,只关注我们愿意关注的信息。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">总而言之,“自我中心偏差”和“虚幻优越感”都属于一种<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">「过度自信」</span>的认知偏差,这种偏差在人们身上<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">普遍存在</span>,但我们往往意识不到,或者说不愿意看到它的存在。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">比如说此刻的你可能和学堂君一样在想:虽然研究证据表明“过度自信”普遍存在,但我一定是那个特例,在座各位除了我,都是过度自信的……</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">(想知道自己到底有没有「过度自信」?请阅读大学堂往期文章→</span>《觉得自己中等偏上?不好意思,你可能过度自信了…不信进来测测!》<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">)</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; text-decoration-line: underline;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important;">错误看待他人</span></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">除了对自己过度自信,我们对他人也会有各种认知偏差。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">大家可能听说过<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">“晕轮效应”</span>——当我们喜欢某个人身上的一个特征时,我们通常会对ta身上的其他特征抱有过于积极的评价。比如,我们会下意识地认为一个写字好看的人比写字差的人学习成绩和人品都更好。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">而与之相反,如果我们不喜欢一个人的某个方面,特别是当这方面使ta在群体中与众不同时,我们就会过于严厉地评判这个人,这被称为<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">“尖角效应”</span>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">也就是说,当认知偏差使我们基于性别、性取向、种族和其他特征而对人有过度积极或消极的看法时,它就会演变成偏见。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">此外,我们在评价他人时很容易产生归因偏差——</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">基本归因偏差,指人们倾向于把他人的行为(错误地)归因于行为者的人格,而不是他身处的情境背景。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">群体归因偏差,指人们可能会错误地认为群体中个体成员的特点可以反映整个群体的特征。反之,人们也相信群体的总体偏好决定了其成员个体的偏好。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">还有终极归因偏差,是指当我们不喜欢某个人/群体的时候,我们会倾向于将问题行为归因于个人/群体的内部特征;反之,如果我们喜欢某个人/群体,出现相同的问题则会被归因为外部环境。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">总而言之,以上种种认知偏差似乎都在告诉我们:我们的人际关系不断被一些陷阱所困扰。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">那么,我们能做些什么来避免呢?</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">避坑指南,速速来学!</span></h1><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">《直觉陷阱:人际关系避坑指南》一书中提到了12种纠正认知偏差的办法,以下简单介绍两种:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">1、延迟决策和反应</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">从自动驾驶转向有意识的思维模式的最简单方法,便是通过训练意识系统,使其在自动驾驶系统出现认知偏差时加以启动和控制。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">而意识系统的启动需要时间和努力。当我们意识到自己可能出现认知偏差时,最好的办法就是先停下来,推迟我们的决定和行动,给意识系统一个思考的时间。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important;">2、破除信息差异</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在认知心理学看来,认知偏差是由人类的认知加工能力有限造成的,比如我们难以准确了解全部的信息。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">信息差异理论认为,在社会比较的过程中,</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">我们拥有更多关于自身的信息,而对他人的信息知道较少</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">。这导致我们往往会用我们所拥有的信息去估计和揣测别人的信息。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><h6 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;">(图源网络,侵删)</h6><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">比如,当我们想要给一个完全不了解心理学的人介绍“认知偏差”这个概念时,我们很有可能解释为:就是认知上面出现偏差。但我们没有考虑到对方很有可能不知道“认知”和“偏差”这两个词的意思。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;">这便是一种叫做“知识诅咒”(curse of knowledge)的认知偏差,我们常常会忘记别人并不知道我们知道的信息,并低估学习这些信息的难度,因此无法就某个话题和比我们知晓更少的人进行有效沟通。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">此外,信息不平等还会造成“虚假共识效应”(false consensus effect),指人们往往高估朋友、家人、同事及其他人对自己想法的认同程度,在头脑中形成一种虚幻的结盟感。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">如果我们意识到认知偏差的存在是因为我们忽视了信息差异的存在,那问题便自然而然地解决了——<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">要么获取更多的信息,要么与他人共享信息</span>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></p><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; font-weight: 700 !important; font-size: inherit !important;">最后</span></h1><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">最后,想送给大家两句话:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在了解这些认知偏差之后,要小心自己陷入“认为自己没有认知偏差”的虚幻优越感中。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">对经营健康的人际关系而言,你感觉最舒服的做法往往是错误的。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; zoom: 1; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: tahoma, arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">祝愿我们都能避开陷阱,拥有幸福美好的人际关系!</p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.shidaomedia.com/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_FaA" id="wcn_editor_css"/>
Mythical白羊男
发表于 2022-11-26 10:23:56
助人为乐是快乐之本
落花酱酱
发表于 2022-11-26 13:34:39
心有所期,全力以赴,定有所成。
染世俗气
发表于 2022-12-4 03:03:57
开始以为是青铜,没想到是个王者。
mickey
发表于 2022-12-5 18:44:37
吾日三省吾身:早上吃什么?中午吃什么?晚上吃什么?
灵魂爱楚
发表于 2022-12-9 18:19:54
你站在这别动,我去买几个橘子给你吧
yanleifcs
发表于 2022-12-10 18:17:35
分析得太全面了,值得反复阅读并实践
喜爱弄人
发表于 2022-12-13 06:22:40
有人追,我不要,我就要舔,哎,就是玩儿。
浑身僵硬
发表于 2022-12-13 06:42:43
你要是仙女当累了,就来做我的宝贝。
behtex1118
发表于 2022-12-26 14:32:30
花开半开,酒饮微醺。
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